UNIT-I
Atomic Structure (12 Lectures)
Review of Bohr’s theory and its limitations, dual behaviour of matter and radiation, de Broglie’s relation, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Need of a new approach to Atomic structure. What is Quantum mechanics? Time independent Schrodinger equation and meaning of various terms in it. Significance of ψ and ψ2. Significance of quantum numbers, radial and angular wave functions and probability distribution curves. Shapes of s, p and d atomic orbitals, nodal planes. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity, Aufbau’s principle and its limitations, Electronic configuration of the elements (s-block, p-block, and first series of d-block elements). Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals. Effective nuclear charge.
Covalent Bonding (8 Lectures)
VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR and hybridization with suitable examples of linear, trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements. Concept of resonance and resonating structures in various inorganic and organic compounds.
MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of 1st and 2nd periods (including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO, NO and NO+. Comparison of VB and MO approaches.
UNIT-II
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry (12 Lectures)
Classification of Organic Compounds and Nomenclature, Hybridization, Shapes of molecules; Influence of hybridization on bond properties. Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance and Hyperconjugation. Structure, shape and reactivity of organic molecules; Homolytic and Heterolytic fission with suitable examples; Curved arrow notations; Electrophiles and Nucleophiles; Nucleophilicity and basicity; Types, shape and their relative stability of reactive intermediates: Carbocations, Carbanions, Free radicals, and Carbenes; Strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values; Introduction to types of organic reactions and their mechanism: Addition, Elimination and Substitution reactions; Methods for determination of organic reaction mechanisms; Calculation of Formal charges on intermediate and other ionic species.
Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds (8 Lectures)
Concept of isomerism, types of isomerism, Conformations with respect to ethane, butane and cyclohexane. Interconversion of Wedge Formula, Newmann, Sawhorse and Fischer representations. Concept of chirality (upto two carbon atoms). Configuration: Geometrical and Optical isomerism; Enantiomerism, Diastereomers and Meso compounds). Threo and erythro; D and L; cis - trans nomenclature; CIP Rules: R/S (for upto 2 chiral carbon atoms) and E/Z Nomenclature (for upto two C=C systems). Resolution of enantiomers, inversion, retention and racemization.
UNIT-III
Hydrocarbons (12 Lectures)
Alkanes (Upto 5 Carbons): Preparation: Catalytic hydrogenation, Wurtz reaction, Kolbe's synthesis, from Grignard reagent. Reactions: Free radical Substitution: Halogenation.
Alkenes (Upto 5 Carbons): Preparation: Elimination reactions, Dehydration of alkenes and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (Saytzeff's rule), cis alkenes (Partial catalytic hydrogenation) and trans alkenes (Birch reduction); Reactions: cis-addition (alk. KMnO4) and trans-addition (bromine), Addition of HX (Markownikoff's and anti-Markovnikov's addition), Hydration, Ozonolysis, oxymercuration-demercuration, Hydroboration-oxidation.
Alkynes (Upto 5 Carbons): Preparation: Acetylene from CaC2 and conversion into higher alkynes, by dehalogenation of tetrahalides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal-dihalides. Reactions: formation of metal acetylides, addition of bromine and alkaline KMnO4, ozonolysis and oxidation with hot alk. KMnO4.
Aromatic Compounds (8 Lectures)
Nomenclature of benzene derivatives, Aryl group, Aromatic nucleus and side chain. Structure of Benzene: Molecular Formula and Kekule Structure, stability and carbon-carbon bond length of Benzene, Molecular orbital structure of Benzene. Aromaticity-Hückel's rule, aromatic character of arenes, cyclic carbocations, carbanions and heterocyclic compounds with suitable examples.
